Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets

Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets INTRODUCTION Nowadays, health has become the most important property of humans life. Commonly, diets with high contents of fruits are protective against several human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Therefore, people are putting more and more attention on antioxidant substances such as vitamin C which is also known as ascorbic acid or more specifically L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is probably one of the most highly well known. Furthermore, people have become more aware to the importance of vitamin C. Hence, this causes the global market flooded with vitamin C fortified foods (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). The term of vitamin C is used as generic term for all compounds exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of ascorbic acid. The molecular structure of vitamin C is C6H8O6 and the molecular weight is 176.1 (Ball, 2006). Vitamin C is highly polar and readily soluble in aqueous solution and insoluble in less nonpolar solvents (Fennema, 1996). It is an acidic compound due to the facile ionization of hydroxyl group on carbon 3 (pK1 = 4.17) while the hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is much more resistant to ionization (pK2 = 11.79). The structure of L-ascorbic acid is shown in Figure 1 (Ball, 2006). Ball (2006) also stated that ascorbic acid is easily and reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, forming the ascorbyl radical anion which is also known as semidehydoascorbate as an intermediate as shown in Figure 2. Dehydoascorbic acid possesses full vitamin C activity because it is readily reduced to ascorbic acid in the animal body. However, dehydoascorbic acid is not an acid in the chemical sense, as it does not have the dissociable protons that ascorbic acid has at carbon 2 and carbon 3 positions. One of the most important properties of vitamin C is that it is an antioxidant. Nevertheless, it has a wide range of antioxidant properties outside the body and can quench most biologically active radicals. It scavenges superoxide, nitroxide, hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and will reduce vitamin E (Hickey and Roberts, 2004). It is also found to be a strong antioxidant as it helps to neutralize harmful free radicals (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Vitamin C is an almost odorless white or pale yellow crystalline powder with a pleasant sharp taste and melting point of about 190Â °C. It is not a carboxylic acid but a lactone and ease of oxidation to the presence of an enediol grouping (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Vitamin C is highly susceptible to oxidation, especially when catalyzed by metal ions such as copper(II) ion and iron(III) ion. The functions and activities of vitamin C are based on its properties as a reversible biological reductant (Hickey and Roberts, 2004). Vitamin C participates for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of the body (Kleszczewski and Kleszczewska, 2002). Vitamin C is a natural antioxidant that mostly found in fruits and vegetables. The main sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits, strawberries, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, and spinach. Vitamin C plays crucial roles in electron transport, hydroxylation reactions and oxidative catabolism of aromatic compounds in animal metabolism (Gazdik et al, 2008). Vitamin C can help to prevent and treat common cold, mental illness, infertility, scurvy, cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). It is reported to lower cancer risk and also said to have important interactions with other vitamins. For example, excessive intake of vitamin A is less toxic to the body when vitamin C is readily available (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Due to the great importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C has gained increased significance in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and food applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Vitamin C is also used as an index of the nutrient quality for fruit and vegetable products. This is because it is much more sensitive to various modes of degradation in food processing and subsequent storage (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemero, 2004). It is well known that vitamin C is easily oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in alkaline solutions, while it is relatively stable in acidic solution. Vitamin C of fruit juices is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juices (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). In the food industry, vitamin C is used as food additive (Mai and Mohammed, 2004). It preserves and protects food from any colour changes and act as an important component of our nutrition as well. Vitamin C helps to prevent the degradation of soft drinks and juice which helps to retain their flavors. Hence, it increases the quality of food and nutritional value as well (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). Degradation of vitamin C undergoes both anaerobic and aerobic pathways. Qxidation of vitamin C in aerobic pathway occurs mainly during the processing of food whereas anaerobic degradation of vitamin C mainly during storage. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the decomposition products of vitamin C and acts as precursor of brown pigments (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). Vitamin C degradation in packaged fruit juices depends mainly on storage temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen level, residual hydrogen peroxide,H2O2 left after the sterilization of packaging material and trace metal ions (Ozkan, Kirca and Cameroglu, 2004). Consequently, studies on vitamin C content in foods are important in relation to the control of nutritional labels, the update of food databases and the establishment of dietary reference intakes. Orange juice is probably the most globally accepted fruit juice and it is recognized worldwide as a good source of ascorbic acid (Sharma, Singh and Saxena, 2006). In addition, there are many analytical methods used to determine the concentration of vitamin C in the pharmaceutical samples which are colorimetric method, titration, enzymatic method, flow injection analysis (FIA) and high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). Reflectometer is an instrument that can used to analyze many different types of test which include ascorbic acid test that is concerned in this project. It provides a simple and rapid determination of vitamin C content in many pharmaceuticals product. LITERATURE REVIEW Various methods used in determination of Vitamin C In recent years, the determination of vitamin C has become an important subject in the field of biochemistry and commercial foods. This is because vitamin C plays an important role in maintaining human health (Chen and Sato, 1995). Due to the importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C has gained a significant increase in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and food applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). There are numerous methods for the determination of vitamin C in a variety of natural samples, biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. The methods for the determination of vitamin C are spectrophotometric methods and non-spectrophotometric methods (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). For non-spectrophotometric methods are such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), titration, enzymatic method and fluorometry (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). Direct spectrophotometry also has been applied to determine the vitamin C content in soft drinks, fruit juices, and cordials after correction for background absorption in the UV region. Flow-injection analysis (FIA) In FIA, there is no air segmentation and it is not necessary for a state of chemical equilibrium to be reached. The sample is introduced into a carrier stream as a discrete plug. The presence of a sample-carrier interface allows diffusion-controlled dispersion of the sample as it is swept through narrow-bore tubing to create a concentration gradient. The flow-through detector monitors the change in concentration of the reaction product, which is displayed as a well-defined peak (Ball, 2006). Flow-injection analysis permits a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of vitamin C where its systems allow faster sampling rates and consumed fewer reagents compared with segmented-flow analysis (Kleszczewki and Kleszczewska, 2002). Memon, Dahot and Ansari had proposed a method by using mono 1, 10-phenanthroline-iron(III) complex as oxidant. This experiment was based on its reducing reaction on mono(1-10-Phenanthroline)-iron(III) to tris(1,10-Phenanthroline)-iron(II) (ferroin) and the absorbance of ferroin was monitored at 510nm through spectrophotometer equipped with a flow through cell (Memon et al, 2000). In this analysis single channel manifold is used as shown in Figure 3. The reagent stream is pumped at the flow rate 1.1mL/min via a peristaltic pump equipped with PVC pump tubing. The vitamin C sample is introduced into the reagent stream via a rotary teflon valve. A calibration curve for vitamin C in the range 0-50ppm was plotted from the results obtained by Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari which are shown in Figure 4. They also studied about the effect of reaction coil and reagent concentration. From the graph (Figure 5), the maximum intensity was observed at 50cm reaction coil. While the results of the effect of reagent concentration obtained is shown in Figure 6 indicating that the maximum signal could be obtained at 35% reagent (Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari, 2000). This method can be improved within certain limits by increasing the volume of the injected sample in flow injection analysis. The sensitivity is increased two fold with the increase of sample volume. As conclusion, since the time required for sample preparation is short and reagent consumption is low, hence the method is highly economical and is suitable to use on routine basis for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations (Memon et al, 2000). Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry Direct ultraviolet spectrophotometry is a fast, simple and reliable method for the determination of vitamin C. This method can be done through alkaline treatment and the maximum absorption of vitamin C falls at 243nm at pH2 (Yanshan, 1997). The absorption of UV light by the sample matrix was the major problem in this method. Therefore, alkaline treatment method was found to be used as background correction in blank. This is because more than 95% of vitamin C will be destroyed in 10 minutes after alkaline treatment which is in the range of pH 12 to 13 (Salkic and Kubicek, 2008). UV spectrophotometry method was found to be applicable for most fruits, fruit juices and soft drinks except those that are unstable to alkaline treatment, and were deeply colored, or contained high concentration of caffeine, saccharin, caramel and tannic acid (Yanshan, 1997). To determine the total content of vitamin C in food samples, a well-established method was investigated by Khan, Rahman, Islam and Begum, 2006 by using the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine methods (DNPH). This is a simplified method for the simultaneous determination of total vitamin C employed coupling reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine dye with vitamin C and followed by spectrophotometric determination. The spectrophotometric method involves the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid by the action of bromine solution in the presence of acetic acid. Reaction between dehydoascorbic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine at 37 Â °C temperature for three hours will form an osazone. The solution is treated with 85% H2SO4 to produce a red color complex. The absorbance of all standards was measured at 521 nm by using a UV-spectrophotometer. The results obtained were taken to contruct a calibration curve (Khan et al, 2006). The calibration curve was constructed by plotting the concentration versus the corresponding absorbance as shown by Figure 7. The molar absorptivity, ? can be obtained using Beer-Lambert plots. The reliabilty of this method was justified by the calculations of the % of standard deviation and it was found to be varied within the range from 0.20 to 2.45%. The reliability of this method was also confirmed from the consideration of the following expected interferences (Khan et al, 2006). There are a few interferences that might affect the results. First, the interference was due to the diketogulonic acid. At higher pH, destructive oxidation hydrolysis might occur. This results in the opening of the lactone ring of the ascorbic acid and loose the vitamin activity. These processes are naturally occurred in fruits and some amounts of diketogulonic acid are presence in the fruits. Besides that, diketogulonic acid has keto group that might form osazone when react with DNPH. Hence, there is a chance of error in this method which may give false results (Khan et al, 2006). Another interference was due to the extracted glucose which contains similar structure like vitamin C. Therefore, some of the glucose may be extracted in the meta-phosphoric acid during the extraction of ascorbic acid from sample. Glucose may also cause the formation of colored complex with DNPH and gives the false result in the determination of vitamin C. This was proven in Figure 8 where there is no absorption peak around the interested peak at 521nm (Khan et al, 2006). As conclusion, the method is simple and excellent for the determination of total vitamin C in fruits and vegetables (Khan, Rahman, Islam and Begum, 2006). Fluorometric Method Fluorometric analysis has been used for ascorbic acid assay in pharmaceutical preparations, beverages, special dietary foods and even for human serum (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). This method had been reported to have successful application to a wide range of foodstuffs, including liver, milk, fresh and canned fruit, raw and cooked vegetables, and potato powder (Ball, 2006). Previously, fluorometric determinations of vitamin C have been developed based on condensation reactions of vitamin C with o-phenylenediamine and on the oxidation with mercury (II) of vitamin C to form quinoxaline derivative. The reaction products of these methods exhibit fluorescensce (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 9 shows the reaction of the dehydroascorbic acid with 1,2-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride to form the fluorescent quinoxaline derivative 3(1,2dihydroxyethyl) furol[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1-one. The blank can be prepared by complexing the oxidized vitamin with boric acid to prevent the formation of the quinoxaline derivative. It is used to reveal any fluorescence due to interfering substances (Ball, 2006). Yusuf and Gurel have described a method by using Methylene Blue (MB) for the determination of vitamin C. This experiment was run by using a spectrofluorimeter to record the spectra and carry out fluorescence measurements. This method was used to determine the amount of vitamin C in the purified materials, specifically vitamin C tablets. MB is a member of thiazine dye group. It is widely used in many different areas. For example, a photo sensitizer is used to produce singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer. The highly colored oxidized form of MB can be reduced to be colorless leuco form, Leuco-Methylene Blue (LMB) which is shown in Figure 10. LMB is the reduced and colorless form of methylene blue (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). According to Yusuf and Gurel, the fluorescence bands of MB were obtained at 664nm for excitation state and 682nm for emission peaks. This was proven by the other researchers who also examined the emission bands at 682nm for MB and 452nm for LMB. In Figure 11, the emission peak of MB at 682nm increased due to the increase of its concentration. A linear relationship between MB concentration and intensity was obtained over the concentration range of mol L-1 MB (y= 49.082x + 94.46,r2=0.9969). The excitation peak of MB at 664 nm also linearly increased depending on the increase of its concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). The studies of the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB is made to avoid any errors that might affect the accuracy of the results. In order to examine the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB at 664 nm, mol L-1 MB solutions, each solution was added with different concentration of vitamin C and were prepared under nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. This was shown in Figure 12 where the spectra were recorded at 664nm (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 12 above shows the excitation intensity of mol L-1 without adding vitamin C was about 1000.0 and above. The intensity was decreased by the increase of vitamin C concentration in MB solutions (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 13 shows the emission spectrum of mol L-1 MB as a function of time. Each spectrum was recorded at 1 minute intervals. The results showed that the fluorescence was not changed with time, reflecting that the fluorescence spectrum of MB was highly stable with time (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). In the redox reaction between ascorbic acid and MB, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while MB was reduced to colorless LMB as shown in the following: The calibration curve was made based on the concentration of MB (mol L-1). The results indicate that the fluorescence intensity of the system is a linear function of vitamin C concentration in the range of mol L-1 and the regression coefficient is 0.9941 as shown in Figure 15 (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Table 1 below shows the tolerance towards different compounds that might cause interferences in this method. These compounds are usually present in most vitamin C tablets. The experimental results showed that the presence of hundred-fold excess of the all contaminant compounds and twenty-fold excess of citric acid did not significantly influence the determination of vitamin C using this method. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no major interference caused by these compounds (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). So it is possible to use this method for direct determination of vitamin C in pharmaceuticals without separating the interfering materials. Table 2 lists the results obtained by the proposed method with triiodide method. It can be clearly seen that the results are in good agreement with the triiodide method (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Thus, the proposed method provides a simple and sensitive fluorimetric procedure by using MB for the determination of vitamin C. This experiment also shows that MB could be used for fluorimetric determination of vitamin C in vitamin C tablets although it has only slightly fluorescence property compared to LMB. Therefore, as conclusion, it can be explained that the fluorescence intensity of MB was more sensitive to determine vitamin C concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Stability of Vitamin C in Orange Juice Vitamin C is very susceptible to chemical and enzymatic oxidation during the processing, storage, and cooking of food. The catalyzed oxidation pathway of vitamin C degradation is the most important reaction pathway for the loss of vitamin C in foods. Therefore, vitamin C of orange juice is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juice (Ball, 2006). On the other hand, there are several factors that will also affect the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The factors are such as the effect of vitamin E, pH, and parameters which include air, heat, water as well as prolonged storage and overcooking (Kabasakalis, Siopidou, and Moshatou, 2000). According to Ball, a meta-oxygen-ascorbate complex is formed in the presence of molecular oxygen and trace amounts of transition metal which particularly are copper (II) and iron (III). This complex contains a resonance form of a diradical that rapidly decompose to give the ascorbate radical anion, the original metal ion, and hydrogen peroxide. This radical anion will in turn reacts with the oxygen to give dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). For anaerobic pathway of vitamin C which occurs in the absence of free oxygen, the degradation is caused by the formation of diketogulconic acid. As the rate of degradation is maximum at pH 3 to pH 4, therefore this pathway is mostly responsible for anaerobic loss of vitamin C in canned grapefruit and orange juices (Ball, 2006). Effect of vitamin E on the stability of vitamin C in orange juice Vitamin E is a fat soluble antioxidant that has four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. In nature, these four tocopherols and four corresponding tocotrienols are designated as alpha-(?), beta-(?), gamma-(?) and delta-(?) according to the number and position of methyl substituent in chromonal ring (Ball, 2006). The vitamin E functions as a biological antioxidant by protecting the vital phospholipids in cellular and subcellular membranes from peroxidative degeneration. Vitamin E mostly accumulates in body which are liver and pancreas. But unlike vitamins A and D, vitamin E is essentially nontoxic (Ball, 2006). Nagymate and Fodor (2008) have designed a method to study the effect of vitamin E on the stability of vitamin C. In this experiment, vitamin E stock solution was prepared by dissolving ?-tocopherol in absolute ethanol. The orange juice which contained vitamin E and vitamin C was used as sample. The storage temperature of the vials was 4Â °C and they were covered with aluminium foil to prevent the effect of sunlight. Besides, two different temperatures were used to examine the effect of vitamin E at that temperature which half of the samples were stored at 20Â °C. On the other hand, the additive effect of these vitamins was also examined but only cool samples (4Â °C) were used for this experiment. Two samples were prepared which one contained vitamin E stock solution and vitamin C stock solution while another contained only vitamin C stock solution. The samples were analysed once a week for five weeks (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). The results of the stability of vitamin C show that the presence of vitamin E influenced the decay of vitamin C. Figure 17 shows that there were differences between samples with or without vitamin E. From figure 17, it can be clearly seen that the concentration of vitamin C without vitamin E fell down to 1.2mg/L on the second day. However, in the presence of both vitamins, the decay was also observed, but it was lesser. The concentration of vitamin C in the orange juice with vitamin E was 13mg/L in the fifth week. As a result, it seems that vitamin E stabilized vitamin C in orange juice at a determined concentration. This is because vitamin E delay the oxidation of vitamin C thus, enhances the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The combination of vitamin C with vitamin E makes the orange juice more stable and slower the degradation of orange juice. This concluded that orange juice with vitamin E addition is a good way to preserve the vitamin C content during storage (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). Effect of temperature on the stability of vitamin C in orange juice Vitamin C of fruit juice is readily oxidized and lost depends on the conditions of storage. There are studies about the determination of the amounts of vitamin C content in fruit juices under different storage conditions. Kabasakalis, Sipadou and Moshatou had done an experiment to determine the rate loss of vitamin C with respect to time and temperature of storage. A long-life and short-life commercial orange juice 100% without preservatives and fresh orange juice were used for analysis. In this experiment, the days before the expiration date were recorded in Table 3 and Table 4 to observe the loss of vitamin C in short-life and long-life orange juice 100% as the expiration date was approached (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). Table 5 shows the loss of vitamin C from fresh and long-life commercial orange juice 100% during a 31 days period, with measurements made every 1 to 3 days. The samples were refrigerated into containers which after the initial measurement remained either open or with closed cap until the next measurement. Based on the results shown in table 5, the magnitude of vitamin C did not differ significantly between open and closed cap for both juices. The commercial orange juice lost higher amounts of vitamin C compared with fresh orange juice. As reported, decreases of vitamin C upon storage did not correspond to increases of dehydroascorbic acid levels. In fact, there was an increase of dehydoascorbic acid levels in aseptically packaged orange juices. This means that the overall nutritional quality of orange juices is affected upon storage (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). The loss of the vitamin C in a commercial long-life orange juice 100% stored in refrigerator and non-refrigerated for a period of 10 days in open containers were shown in Figure 18 (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). According to Figure 18, non-refrigerated samples show higher percentage loss of vitamin C as compared to refrigerated samples. This is because the dehydoascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbic acid was more stable at lower temperatures. Thus, the vitamin C, in the form of dehydroascorbic acid for refrigerated orange juice was well retained than non-refrigerated orange juice (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the stability of orange juice Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 is the primary chemical for sterilization of plastic packaging material used in aseptic system. Aseptic packaging technology is widely used by fruit juice industry for the production of shelf-life stable fruit juices. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation currently limits the residual of H2O2 to 0.5ppm, leached into distilled water, in finished food packages which stated in Code of Federal Regulations, 2000. However, during the sterilization of aseptic chambers or packaging material with H2O2, some residues will still be left on the packaging material or vapors generated during drying may get trapped inside the package upon sealing. These residues will then cause the degradation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). An experiment was proposed by Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu to determine the rates of vitamin C degradation in orange juice with or without addition of H2O2 at various storage temperatures. In this experiment, the orange juice sample was thawed at room temperature and sodium benzoate was added to prevent spoilage. The degradation studies were done at H2O2 with 0.5ppm concentration at 20Â °C, 30Â °C and 40Â °C respectively. At regular time intervals, samples were removed from the water bath or incubator (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Then, the predetermined amounts of diluted sodium hydroxide solution were added rapidly to the samples to halt the reaction between H2O2 and vitamin C. The samples were then rapidly cooled by plugging into an ice water bath and held at -30Â °C until analyzed for vitamin C content. Vitamin C concentration was measured by using HPLC method. Qzkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu had modified the method by blending the orange juice sample with metaphosphoric acid. The sample was filtered through a membrane filter and was analyzed using HPLC (Shimadzu brand) (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004).Vitamin C contents of orange juice were plotted for various temperatures at 0.5ppm H2O2 concentration which is shown in Figure 19 below. From Figure 19, the results show that at higher temperature, the rate of vitamin C degradation also increased. The addition of 0.5ppm H2O2 did not greatly increase the degradation of vitamin C. However, raising H2O2 concentration from 0.5ppm to 5ppm resulted in a tremendous increase in degradation rates which was recorded in Table 6. At 0.5ppm H2O2, the antioxidant substances in orange juice which was flavonols reacted with H2O2, thereby preventing the autoxidation of vitamin C. The protective mechanism of flavanols was mainly due to chelation of metal ions and action of antioxidant. Flavanols function as antioxidants by donating the hydrogen ions to reactive free radicals which may otherwise cause the autoxidation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu also studied the degradation of vitamin C in the absence of H2O2. In this case, the activation energy, Ea was taken into account to determine the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The temperature dependence of the degradation of vitamin C in orange juice was compared by calculating Ea and temperature quotients (Q10) at 20Â ° to 40Â °C from the following equation: These results clearly indicate that the rate of vitamin C degradation in the presence of H2O2 was slower at 30Â °C to 40Â °C than 20Â °C to 30Â °C. This indicates that at 30Â °C to 40Â °C, the least effect of temperature rise on vitamin C degradation. The results obtained for Ea shows that higher Ea in the presence of H2O2. This means that higher energy needed for the degradation of vitamin C. Therefore, the reaction time is slower and the degradation of vitamin C also slower. As conclusion, the effect of temperature on the degradation rates of vitamin C in orange juice was more pronounced at higher H2O2 concentrations. Therefore, greater vitamin C losses should be expected as residual H2O2 concentration and storage temperature increase in aseptically packaged fruit juices (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Effect of pH on the stability of vitamin C pH is a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution. pH is one of the primary factor that would affects the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. Hence, the pH value of the matrix has an influence on the stability of vitamin C. According to FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998, the vitamin C will decay if the pH higher than 4 (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). Vitamin C is unstable in neutral and alkaline environments, therefore the higher the pH value and the longer the exposure, the greater the loss of vitamin C. This is because the higher the pH value, the faster the oxidation reaction of vitamin C and causes the degradation of vitamin C. Besides that, the increase in pH also related to deterioration of fruit characteristic which in this literature review, orange juice is more concerned. Table 8 below shows the pH value of the fruit juice with storage time (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009). In this Table 8, the pH values of the orange juice were higher at room temperature and keep increasing from week to week. This study concluded that, though pH was significant for the stability of vitamin C, it was not the sole factor in controlling the deterioration of vitamin C in orange juice with storage life (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009). On the other hand, the loss of vitamin C activity during oxidative degradation of vitamin C occurs with the hydrolysis of the dehydroascorbic acid lactone to yield 2,3-diketogulonic acid. This hydrolysis is favored by alkaline solution. Dehydroascorbic acid is most stable at pH 5.5 but decrease in stability as pH increases which is more than pH 5.5 (Fennmena, 1996). For example, half-time values of dehydroasorbic acid hydrolysis at 23Â °C were 100 and 230 minutes at pH 7.2 and pH 6.6 respectively as shown in Figure 20. At pH 5.0 or below, dehydroascorbic acid was quite stable which decayed by less than 3% over 4 hours. This experiment evaluated the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on delactonization of dehyroascorbic acid over the range of pH 3.0 to pH 8.0. The possible influence of the presence of oxygen was done by equilibrating the reaction mixture before and during the incubation with 100% oxygen or with 100% nitrogen. The results indicated no change in the decay rate of dehydoascorbic acid was obvious with these alterations of atmospheric conditions. The rate of dehydroascorbic acid hydrolysis markedly increases with increasing temperature but was unaffected by the presence of oxygen (Bode, Cunningham and Rose, 1990). Other researchers had proposed a method to determine the effect of pH on the degradation of vitamin C in orange j

The Effect of Salt on Boiling Temperature of Water

EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE PROJECTS:The Effect of Salt on the Boiling Temperature of Water(Initially prepared by a 4th Grade student)To quickly jump to a section below click on:INITIAL OBSERVATIONCooking instructions tell you to add salt to water before boiling it. PROJECT TITLEThe Effect of Salt on the Boiling Temperature of WaterPURPOSE OF THE PROJECTTo find out how table salt affects the boiling temperature of water. HYPOTHESISAdding table salt to boiling water will cause the water to boil at a higher temperature.MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT ·Table Salt  ·Distilled Water  ·2 Quart Cooking Pot  ·Pint measuring cup  ·Teaspoon and tablespoon measuring spoons  ·Thermometer  ·Stirring spoon EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREBoil one quart of distilled water on a stove. Measure the temperature of the boiling water. Record the highest temperature reading. This is the control to compare with. Measure out table salt using a kitchen measuring spoon. Level the spoonful. Add the measured salt to the b oiling water and stir.Measure the temperature of the boiling water with the salt in it. Record the highest temperature reading. Repeat for other amounts of salt. DATAData Obtained: 2/25/95, Mankato, MN|| Amount of boiling water|2 Cups| Temperature of boiling water (Control)|212. 9 °F| Amount of table salt added to boiling water: Run #1|1 Tbl. | Temperature of boiling water after adding salt: Run #1|215. 6 °F| Additional amount of table salt added to boiling water: Run #2|1 Tbl. | Temperature of boiling water after adding salt: Run #2|218.  °F| || EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONSWhen the salt was added to boiling water it bubbled up more, and then stopped boiling. Shortly afterwards, it boiled again. If the thermometer extends beyond the outside of the pot it reads a higher temperature. Heat from the stove burner makes the thermometer read higher. Keep the thermometer over the pot when making temperature measurements. CALCULATIONS ·Total amount of table salt added for Run #1: 0 + 1 = 1 Tbl.  ·Total amount of table salt added for Run #2: 1 + 1 = 2 Tbl.RESULTS|| Temperature of boiling water (Control)|212. 9 °F| Amount of table salt added to boiling water: Run #1|1 Tbl. | Temperature of boiling water after adding salt: Run #1|215. 6 °F| Total amount of table salt added to boiling water: Run #2|2 Tbl. | Temperature of boiling water after adding salt: Run #2|218. 3 °F| || Amount of Table Salt Added VersusWater Boiling TemperatureCONCLUSIONS ·Is the hypothesis correct? Yes. Adding table salt to water causes the water to boil at a higher temperature.  ·Problems with doing the experiments.The temperature readings were hard to make. Gloves had to be worn to keep my hands from getting too hot. Had to be careful that the stove heat was not hitting the thermometer.  ·Other things learned. Be careful when adding salt to boiling water. It makes the water boil vigorously for a second or two. RELATED QUESTIONS ·Why do you think cooking instructions tell you to add salt when boiling water? When the water is hotter, you can cook food faster. Salt also makes the food taste better. || HOME[->0]|| [->0] – .. /index. html

The Success and Failure Essay Topics Cover Up

The Success and Failure Essay Topics Cover Up What Success and Failure Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not Success to a man was the capture and domination of another one. Defeat isn't easy to swallow. America has ever been a beacon of entrepreneurialism because it's so deeply rooted in our history. Locating a cheap NFL jersey has been a daunting undertaking for a number of the hardcore fans no matter the team they support for. New small business owners frequently don't understand cash flow or underestimate how much money they'll need for startup and they have to close before they've had a fair opportunity to be successful. Occasionally it makes more sense to begin a business with a few people. Business partnerships are a bit bit like marriages. Business failures impact many men and women in various ways, so it's clearly understood a failure could affect the financial well being of the families involved. If all brains aren't going in the exact same direction in the exact way, problems are sure to arise. When you begin a small company, failure isn't something you need to think about. Bad communication, deficiency of engagement, and shortage of attention during virtual meetings are a couple of the warning signs a high-touch environment hasn't been achieved. Because partners join forces for a number of reasons and expectations, at times the strengths of each individual could be overlooked. Very good communication skills are the secret to success in everything that you do. Positive relationships are the secret to success in business. When a job is finished, all emotional energy linked to that task should be published. The goal is to supply you with insight into what works. Many internal and external things promote failure. There are a lot of factors that add to the success or failure of any organization. A regularly scheduled sit down together is certainly a good idea. Just Start If you've got an idea for a company, truly believe it will succeed, and are eager to push yourself harder than you ever have before, then spend the risk and just begin. Then at the close of the period there's absolutely no question about who's accountable for what. The path to success isn't always straight. Clearly, freelancing offers workers numerous opportunities, provided they take action to make sure their company is a success. The purpose of any company is to bring in customers, and it could only be achieved through marketing. Instead, you must be somewhat careful once you speak about your company. Smaller businesses oft en offer you flex plans as a thriving recruitment tactic. The purpose is to make certain all jobs are covered and accountability was assigned and acknowledged. Hiring consultants can counsel you on the very best assessment and strategy for your circumstance. Especially when employees decide to check your resolve. Employing an expert with specialized skills may be the most profitable decision you are able to make to protect both your company and financial future. You probably understand that your success is riding on your capacity to make the most of your time and performance to the greatest optimal point possible. Your customers will get loyal when they realize you're listening to them. Perhaps you already have your own organization, but you're seeking to do better. Having your own company is more than simply creating a job for yourself. The New Fuss About Success and Failure Essay Topics It's also wise to begin developing a realistic sales plan. A few of the ideas have developed from the consumers, themselves. In order to make an effective advertising and marketing strategy, you must have a rockstar advertising team. It's likewise not unusual a well-thought-out postcard promoting campaign can result in a substantial increase in sales and revenues.

A Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet Essay examples

A Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet Throughout Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice , there are many references to the unusual character of Elizabeth Bennet ; she is seen to be an atypical female during those times. Wit , bravery , independence , and feminist views all describe a most extraordinary model for women. Pride and Prejudice is a humorous novel about the trials of marrying well in the early eighteenth century. It focuses mainly on the actions of two couples – Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy and Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth Bennet is a vibrant, headstrong young woman who is not too keen on the idea of marriage ,†¦show more content†¦This would have been a big step for a woman living in a society in which the sole purpose of that particular gender was to marry well. She also had daily proof of how marriage might not bring happiness in her own parent’s relationship. She sees their shortcomings as husband and wife and sees the shortcomings of not being able to respect your life’s partner and vows that only the deepest of love would ever induce her to matrimony ( Austen 68 ) . This kind of decision would have had to invo ke a lot of thought towards the future and shows a mind that is able to grasp larger concepts and does not just follow the crowd. Norman Sherry takes the approach of basing the intellect on the dialogue and speech of the characters and not just their behavior in certain circumstances. She is under the impression that â€Å" The dialogue between Elizabeth and Darcy reveals effectively . . . the intelligence of both. Their forcefully expressed opinions provide us with ample indication of the strength of their personalities† ( 123 ) . She seems to convey the underlining message that they are both sharp but that they bring out the quickness in one another with their intense , quick discussions. Elizabeth is apt enough that she is able to push DarcyShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Elizabeth Bennet1112 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality Polarity of Elizabeth Bennet: A Pride and Prejudice Character Analysis Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a revolutionary novel that portrays the social expectations of women during this time. In Pride and Prejudice, women were expected to married to a successful and wealthy young man that could provide them comfort and economic security. Austen contrasts this social standard by creating the main protagonist of the book, Elizabeth Bennet. Elizabeth Bennet, who is headstrong andRead MoreElizabeth Bennet Character Analysis Essay762 Words   |  4 Pagesabout Elizabeth Bennet and her family dealing with different issues. A few of the many problems they come upon are Money, Manners and Marriage.As the book progresses Elizabeth Bennet learns not to judge a book by it’s cover and shows how shes different from many of characters and which characteristics that sets her apart from everyone else to be the main character. Elizabeth stands out in many ways and shows how her process of thinking comes upon.She is different from the rest of the characte r becauseRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Pride And Prejudice 1420 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis Research Paper MLA format Minimum requirements: Pages 1-5 (Include at least one parenthetical citation for each source listed on Works Cited page.) Author/biographical writing style Short summary of 10 sentences using plot diagram Setting Major characters Theme Symbols/motifs Literary prose techniques Prose analysis Page 6 Reflections – your opinion of author novel (see your reaction journal) Page 7 Works Cited (minimum of 5 reliable sources) Felicia L. Cridland ProfessorRead MoreA Short Summary and Analysis About the Book ‘’ Pride and Prejudice’’1448 Words   |  6 PagesMazhenov Dauren Student ID: 20123464 Undergraduate Foundation English 5/ ENG0005 07/11/2012 A Short Summary And Analysis Of The Book ‘’ Pride and Prejudice’’ By Jane Austen BACKGROUND INFORMATION - BIOGRAPHY Jane Austen was born in 1775 at Steventon, Hampshire in southern England, where her father was a minister. She was the sixth child in a family of seven children. The family was very close, and Jane had a particular closeness to her sister Cassandra. Although she attended boardingRead MorePride And Prejudice Love Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pagesfoundation and purpose of courtship and marriage emanated. The basis for this analysis was whether relationships should be navigated utilizing emotion and feeling or reason and logic. The literary work of Regency era author, Jane Austen, details such a balance, as it endeavors to convey Austen’s interpretation of true affection between couples of well-examined intrinsic morality. The characters of Fitzwilliam Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice contend with the moral vices of prideRead More An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1662 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice An author will often give his or her work a title that reflects the overall theme or meaning of the piece-this is certainly the case in Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice. A title may set the mood or describe a situation which otherwise might require several paragraphs to develop. Pride and Prejudice is a combination of humor, irony, and twists of events. Austen entitles her work Pride and Prejudice to emphasize subtly theRead MorePride Prejudice Literature Analysis1311 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Analysis 2 The most difficult part of creating a masterpiece is the actual process of writing or composing it, one highly overlooked difficulty of the job of the creator is the development of a suitable title. In just a few words, an effective title gives the audience a basic idea of what they are about to spend their time reading about. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is an example of a novel with such a title that is very significant in the development of the story. As the readerRead MoreWrite a Critical Analysis of Jane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice, Paying Special Attention to Family Politics. Comment on the Elizabeth – Darcy Relationship. What Makes Elizabeth and Darcy Different from All Other Characters in the Novel?909 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a critical analysis of Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, paying special attention to family politics. Comment on the Elizabeth – Darcy relationship. What makes Elizabeth and Darcy different from a ll other characters in the novel? Student: Daniela Gospodinova In the 19th century in England, when Jane Austen writes, the marriage is something that every young woman wants - to marry a single, wealthy men, showing both joy and gratitude. In the beginning of the novel, the openingRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Analysis: Mr. Darcy Introduced to Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice as a tall, handsome, self-absorbed aristocrat, Darcy experiences a change in personality and character. In order to dispose of his existent views on money and marriage, Darcy needed to feel something, to fall in love. Although he was well mannered, he did not know how to treat women with respect, especially those of a lesser economic status. The love of Elizabeth Bennet, however, changed his behavior. The reader isRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Pride and Prejudice Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesPride and Prejudice The characters and general setting in Jane Austens; Pride and Prejudice, portray life in the rural society of the day. Austen is very clear in setting up the social classes of the characters and immediately portrays why the book is titled Pride and Prejudice. Though the more specific example of Pride and Prejudice is that of Elizabeth and Darcy, and how they first view each other. There initial feelings towards one another set the plot of the novel. It is this constant

Entrepreneur - 1348 Words

Entrepreneur Interview Essay Considering any business, people imagine rich, prosperous, initiative and resourceful entrepreneurs, who successfully started and developed their own company. Today’s interview deals with spa business. Chief Manager of an International A.B.C. Spa company will help us to understand the system of spa business and its profitability. A.B.C Spa cooperates with world leaders and professionals in this sphere. It efficiently provides qualified service for clients. Our interview will help to learn more about spa business on the example of a small A.B.C. Spa branch in America. _________________________________________________________ We Can Write Custom Essays on Entrepreneur Interview for You!†¦show more content†¦6. How large a part does creativity play in your business? Creative work, innovations and initiative ideas are of great importance, especially for spa business. Nowadays more and more people get involved in this sphere. It creates high competition. That’s why it’s necessary to have unique approach not to be like others. New equipment and professional staff are always valuable. 7. Are your rewards tangible? Intangible? Rewards depend on procedure costs and expenses. We provide service for about 200 steady clients, which means 10-15 thousand dollars of steady income. Average client spends 200-300$ for one therapy. Cosmetics trade brings additional profit of 2,000$ per month. I think that our rewards became more or less tangible within 2 years of hard work. 8. What was your best marketing technique? We tried to create a saloon which would satisfy clients and personnel as well. Club system for steady clients and high discounts contributed to our success. People often ask how we managed to gain prestige and image in such a short period of time. In this case advertising should be taken into account. Efficient ways to attract audience were probably our best technique. We offered our service through mail, Internet, invitations, publications in local press and even on TV. What really matters is a clever combination of all these methods. 9. What portion of gross sales do you spend on advertising? About 20,000$. We’ve been usingShow MoreRelatedBecoming An Entrepreneur As A Entrepreneur1926 Words   |  8 Pagesto pursue in the future is to become an entrepreneur, so while I’m at UPEI, I plan to specialize in entrepreneurship. According to its definition, an entrepreneur is someone who â€Å"organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise† . So specializing in entrepreneurship is where I would learn to the skills that would help me in the future. Since not every career is meant for everyone, to ensure that one is capable of becoming an entrepreneur, one must evaluate the education or trainingRead MoreThe Motivation For Entrepreneurs, And The Definition Of Entrepreneur1190 Words   |  5 Pagescovering multiple topics associated with the motivation for entrepreneurs, and the definition of entrepreneur. I have found publications covering topics such as, history of entrepreneurship, the influence of social and educational background, po sitives and negatives of entrepreneurship, characteristics of entrepreneurs etc. All of these come together to paint a full picture and give clear insight into the motivations of an entrepreneur. However, as the economy continues to change with new technologyRead MoreThe DNA of an Entrepreneur: Is There an Entrepreneur Gene?2539 Words   |  11 PagesThe DNA of an Entrepreneur    Is there an Entrepreneur Gene or an Entrepreneur Chromosome within the DNA of an Entrepreneur?    In humans, there are chromosomes that determine sex and there are genes that determine the color of your eyes.  Generically speaking, there are X Y chromosomes that determine whether you are either male or female suggesting that you either are a female or are not a female.  Ã‚   With genes, there are dominant genes and recessive genes, suggesting that while youRead MoreThe Successful Entrepreneurs1264 Words   |  6 PagesBUSINESS MANAGEMENT ( FMG0044 ) ASSIGNMENT 1 : â€Å" THE SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS † Lecturer : Sir Azizi Name : 1) Ahmad Zul Iqmal B. Zulkifli (012012051643) 2) Khoo Chee Hong (012012050692) CONTENT 1) Introduction 2) Profile / Background of the entrepreneur 3) The success characteristics / traits of the entrepreneur 4) How should I imply his / her success attitude to improve my personal development / my life ? 5) Conclusion INTRODUCTION EntrepreneurshipRead MoreBecoming an Entrepreneur5446 Words   |  22 PagesBecoming an Entrepreneur Reel Classics Vintage Movies Memorabilia Coordinator: Prof. Anca Mà ¢ndruleanu Student: Chioibasu Cristina Series A, Group 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. Theoretical Support What is entrepreneurship? .................................................................... p. 2 Reasons for becoming an entrepreneur .................................................. p.2 Entrepreneurship’s importance .......................................................Read MoreEntrepreneur Characteristics1725 Words   |  7 PagesAre You Cut Out to Be a Successful Entrepreneur? ABSTRACT First, there was an interview with a successful entrepreneur. Second, there was a talk on entrepreneurship by a guest speaker, Mr. Azmi Ahmad (the CEO of Skali.com) and later, an elevator speech by fellow students on various issues related to entrepreneurship. This collective information and some reading on entrepreneurship journals, books and articles have brought to the idea on writing this paper, towards certain perspective, on successfulRead MoreA Interview With The Entrepreneur1386 Words   |  6 Pages Report: From the meeting with the entrepreneur Jane Lu, I found that being an entrepreneur is not an easy task. The person has to face a lot of toil and hardship. Within an entrepreneur, there is a need of perseverance, confidence, passion and communication skills in order to achieve the goal. This holds true for a small business like a departmental store. In my opinion, an entrepreneur is a risk taker, as he knows despite receiving no as the reply to some questions he has to encounter certainRead MoreWho Is An Entrepreneur?1519 Words   |  7 PagesAmong the FAQ I often get is what is an entrepreneur? Though, I get peppered with it, but the most widely recognized subject keeps running along the associated words: How can I do what you do? How do I become an entrepreneur? Would you be able to suggest a way? So I ve found out that’s engaging in many conversations with people of all ages – most part ranging from 20-year-olds to mid-career experts to late secondary school gradua tes to early retirees can help answer these questions. Before I moveRead MoreProfile of an Entrepreneur1384 Words   |  6 PagesName: Roderick Smart ID#: 92058153 Course Title: New Ventures and Entrepreneurship Course Code: SBCO 6190 Lecturer: Dr. K’adamawe K’Nife Topic: Profile of an Entrepreneur Profile of an Entrepreneur Entrepreneur Mr. Earl Martin CEO and founder of Island Products Manufacturers Start Date 1992 Industry Manufacturing of Chemical Products Innovation Sale of household cleaners in bulk quantities Background Mr. Martin started his company island products Manufacturers in 1992Read MoreCharacteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs1015 Words   |  5 PagesCharacteristics of successful entrepreneurs An entrepreneur is someone with the capacity to lead a business to success and is willing to take the risks in order to accomplish their goals. (Dollonger, 2002). Starting a new business is an example of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are very important in order for any business to succeed, however, only some entrepreneurs will succeed in life. Here are some of the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Passion Most successful entrepreneurs are have a passion

Characteristics of Expository Free Essays

Essays I read were on Lucy Stone and Cochlear Implants. Author Jone Johnson Lewis wrote a mini-biography about Lucy Stone using â€Å"time order† technique. She had lots of facts on Lucy Stone, starting with how Lucy Stone was the first woman in Massachusetts to earn a college degree and first to keep her own name after marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Expository or any similar topic only for you Order Now She then wrote when and where Lucy Stone was born and went into more details about Lucy Stone’s Life from her childhood till her death. Author Jamie Berke wrote about Cochlear Implants. He implemented â€Å"Topic† technique to write on Cochlear Implants. He began his introduction with how long Cochlear Implants have been around, and what Cochlear Implants (also known as internal hearing aid) are. He clarified on how Cochlear Implants work and for whom it is made for. In the end the author introduced himself, and explained the reasons he had for getting Cochlear Implants. Each author, Jone Johnson Lewis and Jamie Berke, preferred different approach in order to write a well written paper. The techniques, Jone Johnson Lewis used â€Å"time order,† so she can write about Lucy Stone’s struggle from birth till death for woman’s right. â€Å"Time order† organization helps in arranging information according to date or a specific time line. In this case, Jone Johnson Lewis did just the same. She used dates to help set up the writing process. On the other hand author Jamie Berke used â€Å"Topic† technique to get his audience’s attention and to inform his audience about Cochlear Implants. Writing an expository essay using topic technique helps organize information about the subject you chose to write about. In this case, Jamie Berke did the same, by collecting all the information on Cochlear Implants and starting his paper with when they were first introduced. If author Jone Johnson Lewis and Jamie Berke would have decided to used another type of organization technique to write their essay, it might not have received as much attention from readers as they would have liked to or hoped for. Both essays are similar because they both used evidence and examples. Information was presented in a non-biased manner. These two expository essays are tailored to capture different audiences. Essay on Lucy Stone tries to capture the attention of female audience, and essay on Cochlear Implants tries to capture the attention of people who are hearing impaired. How to cite Characteristics of Expository, Essays

Leadership Analysis in the New Era

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Analysis in the New Era. Answer: Introduction Leadership is a concept and not a term and hence the perception may differ from thinker to thinker. But going by what is taught in the course, what I have understood is that, leadership is a trait of a person known as Leader. Where, Leader is any person who influences individuals and groups within an organization, helps them in the establishment of goals, and guides them toward achievement of those goals, thereby allowing them to be effective. So there are many facets that are linked with this analysis that is a leadership qualities comprises of influencing, group management, learner, people management and goal orientation. All these aspects are expected to be in place and ensured to be a good leadership traits. Leadership is an amalgamation of many other traits and not just a quality in itself. In all these aspects the achievement of the goal is the prime achievement and is expected to be in place(Sellwood, 2008). Learnings of Leadership for the Organization: I am from an organization where everyone is expected to lead and showcase an entrepreneurial approach towards the work. The Leadership Traits are a kind of a mandate that is needed to be put in place by a person in order to succeed. The concept of Goal Achievement and Influential characteristics is the main learning for me in person as far as requirements of my company goes(Maxwell, 2010). The Goal is something that I have to define for every new season in a new way, the concept of SMART Goals learned here is pretty fascinating and it gives a lot of weightage to the quality of the daily chores in the life of professional aggregation. The team management is another major skill that is learned for the organization by me in this course, they ensured that setting of goals and communication is one thing, if the management is poor, then the execution is also poor(Vojta, 2010). Implication on Future: Two major implications that I can foresee today, while assessing the learning from this course, they are as follows: Uncertainty Management: The uncertainty in the professional environment is a given thing that the dynamics will always be different. Coping up with these uncertainty is something that will be the differentiator between a good and a bad leader. The uncertainty management is some key analysis that how I should be differentiating the learned leadership style all the time and adjust as per the demand of the situation(Woodruff, 2012). Culture Management: Every company I have seen carries an inherent culture and these cultural pillars defines the philosophy of the companys assessment and management. As a leader it is a duty to ensure that the same culture is permeated in the entire organization and the working philosophy of the people remains in the defined direction only(Hoekstra, 2011). This is a core leadership lesson that is learned by me in this course and it will really help me in the upcoming professional days. Future Steps towards Learning: Practice the Ethics: Ethics is not just about being right, it is more to do with being righteous all the time. The utilitarian and deontological principles have to be merged together to form the best base for leadership as per the learnings gained form the course(Hayes, 2013). I feel that utilitarian process will ensure that I will think about the harmony of the most of the people, of course I cannot make everyone happy. But it is not to be forgotten that duty is to ensure that the organization is on the successful acclivity, hence the ethics of duty is equally important. This Ethical principle is a self-defined one and I believe if followed diligently, will never let me down in the professional environment(Kramar, 2014). The leader has to be cordial, but at the same time he has to be up for the work demand always and this principle will ensure that for me. Amalgamate Leadership Mentorship Management: I learnt that Leadership is just one side of attaining the leadership qualities, there are many other facets as well and basing an analogy for the business environment or organization that I am associated with, I can gauge that Leadership has to be mixed with Mentorship and Management. The mentorship angel comes in here, because till the time my people dont see me as a good guide there is no ways that he will listen to me and my demands. The management will hence automatically follow. Ones I am sure that people see me as a good mentor and a leader, they will follow my leadership style without much issues and they will be of an opinion that whatever direction I am taking the department to is the best for the company, people and the department overall(Edwards JC, 2002). There are seldom situations when there is a need to change the perspective and this amalgamation will open doorways for this development only. Developing the Self-Leadership Style: Situational Leadership: Situation is like a synonym of dynamism in the corporate world and I learned in this course that dynamic leadership style is the way forward for todays corporate world. The situation can demand a specific type of leadership in a new form all the time. This is to be understood well that seldom may an autocratic style be needed to set a new team and seldom has a leader to be complete laissez faire. All these are situations as per me and I duly acknowledge that understanding and setting up my behavior as per these situation will form a huge part of my development as a leader and whatever may come in between, I have to stick with a uniform code of leadership with all the followers, so that I am not in the podium for any discriminatory charges or allegation(Oracle, 2012). I believe leader must always be seen as an idol. Ethical Leadership: Ethics and leadership as per my experience are followed rarely by people in the top management. I personally want to change this taboo and want to establish an inspiration for the people that you can be both ethical and a motivational or transformational leader at the same time. It may not be an easy thing to achieve, but again the situational leadership development that I have set as a plan for myself along with the Ethical practice plan that I have designed, if these things are mixed well, they will form a pretty potent mixture. This may sounds like a confused scientist, but I will still love to furbish this point and develop it to a level, that forms a model to be admired and followed by all the followers in the company or organization(Goleman, 2012). The Ethical Leadership is still not accepted by many as a solution, but my learnings prompts me the other way and I am adamant to achieve that. People Management: I believe that people must idolize their leader and for that a leader must always be up to take care of their followers. People management is the skill that develops the people from the scratch and ensuring that their career plan is developed, managed and executed by a good leader in a managed and controlled manner(Notar, 2008). Then people will also like to stick with me for their career enhancement and this way I will always have a pool of people, who are there with me for long and I can rely on them. They are also happy with me since I always take care of their professional needs and upgrades. People management is important because I feel that at the end of the day Leaders would have followers and followers are real people. Their management is like managing my followers and that is the reason I am able to assess the importance of the people management. Keeping the Learning up to Date: There are some new theories, research papers, conferences, meetings and philosophies that researchers keep publishing based on their live research that is capable of capturing the essence of the changing times effectively. This I have seen is missing in mainly all the leaders and that is why their leadership becomes ineffective with the changing times. Leadership is a learning journey and I have to learner throughout the journey. That is why I want to be upbeat in that parse always and to be sure that whatever may be the case I will always bring in the best practice for the people that is recommended as the latest best practice by the philosophers and researchers(Folkman, 2014). The new released paper will tell me what the changing needs of the people are so that I may incubate them in the management style that I am following and ensuring that people always feel happy and secured with me. Development Opportunities: Learnings: Not just self-learning, here I am trying to focus on the learning of the followers that I am leading in the company. The people must also understand the criticality that a leader will bring for them. How being a good follower is an important things and how can a good leader ensure them for a good career and advancement in the professional life for sure(Gates, 2010). The management for me just dont stop with people or the company. I ties a knot of relation with both and that association will stay forever, if I am the part of the company or not for that time. For me leadership excellence is not a fluke or learned thing, it should eventually become a habit and that can only be managed by proper learning and that is exactly what is mentioned in the point by me. I will design the sessions for leadership, organization behavior and goal implementation so that people are well on course as me. Reading: Reading is something that I personally give a lot of weightage, since there is so much of research going around the area of leadership and new recommended styles of leadership that is able to map to the most of the youth generation of any particular era. I fully comply with the fact that the type of people I will be leading will never be of the same type always. In order to ensure that I am able to tap a match with all of them there is a need to be an extremely well read leader in the form of psychology, philosophy and anthropology. This will teach me the way a conduct should be with a particular type of people and how they expect me to behave under certain conditions more effectively and am still able to manage the issues in the most ethical manner(Jennifer Deal, 2010). These things are evolving hence learning and reading as per me in a mandate to be followed properly. People Management: People management always remains a core challenge and in case it is not followed in the due compliance will lead to a downfall of the leader, no matter how intelligent, well read and thoroughly principled the leader is. It is to be well understood here that the people management as understood by me is not to do things which people feel is right for them(Horton, 2011). It is more to do with realizing the people that what I am doing with them is the only right thing for them. This will only come if I am extremely good with people management, the entire career trajectory of the follower or the junior will be with me and for that I have to be a good visionary and manager to be able to see what is best of them and then come up with the best proposition for them(Blanchard, 2012). The people management is more of an art than a skill that can be learned or relearned. Conclusion: As the concluding remarks for this report, that only thing that I would like to mention is that the course has been very enriching and that gave me a very new dimensional analysis of what is the meaning of good leadership, how leadership is an amalgamation of so many different aspects and how it has to be evolved and managed. How reading and keeping my knowledge upbeat will help me to flourish as a good leader and why I will be lacking in effectiveness if I am not maintaining a due diligence check over my people management and support skills. References: Blanchard, K. (2012). Critical Leadership Skills. Berlin: Ken Blanchard Publications. Edwards JC, F. J. (2002). Bing-You R. Residents' Teaching Skills. New York: Springer Publishing. Folkman, J. (2014). Top 9 Leadership Behaviors that Drive Employee Commitment. London: Zenger Folkman. Gates, J. (2010). Characteristics of an Effective Leader. New Jersey: Journal of Effective Leadership. Goleman, D. (2012). What Makes a Leader? London: UNDP Publications. Hayes, M. (2013). Qualities of a Good Leader. Usdan: Usdan University Center . Hoekstra, R. L. (2011). How to be a more Effective Leader. Paris: Value Engineering Organization. Horton, C. H. (2011). Thirteen Traits of Effective Leaders. Beijing: Concepts for Air Force Leadership. Jennifer Deal, S. S. (2010). What Makes an Effective Leader? Louvre: Center for Creative Leadership. Kramar, C. (2014). Tips for Becoming an Effective Team Leader. Dublin: UAB Education Publications. Maxwell, J. C. (2010). The 21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader: Becoming the Person Others Will Want to Follow. Purdue: Purdue University. Notar, C. E. (2008). What Makes An Effective Leader: The Application of Leadership . Jacksonville, Alabama: International Education Studies. Oracle. (2012). Seven Steps for Effective Leadership Development. Washinton DC: Oracle. Sellwood, J. D. (2008). How to: Become an effective leader. London: FOE - UK Publications. Vojta, M. (2010). Characteristics of the Effective Leader. Texas: TN State Publication. Woodruff, D. M. (2012). Become an effective leader. Boston: Management Guidelines Publications.